A condenser microphone is a type of microphone that uses a capacitor (condenser) to convert sound into an electrical signal. It typically has a diaphragm placed close to a backplate, forming a capacitor. When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it moves, causing changes in the distance between the diaphragm and the backplate, which in turn changes the capacitance and generates an electrical signal.

Condenser microphones are known for their sensitivity and accuracy in capturing sound, making them ideal for studio recordings where detail and clarity are crucial. They often require an external power source, such as phantom power, to operate. Due to their high sensitivity, condenser microphones are commonly used for recording vocals, acoustic instruments, and other sound sources where capturing fine details is important. Popular examples of condenser microphones include the Neumann U87 and the Audio-Technica AT2020.